Why Utilitarianism Is The Best Moral Theory - 1994 Words

Alougba Nicole Gnonse-Padonou A.N.Gnonse#1 Cliff Hill Moral Reasoning 10 October 2014 First paper Essay In order to support the right answer to crucial moral problems, certain philosophers use theory. Theory is an abstract statement formulated to predict, explain, or describe the relationships among concepts or events. Theory is developed and tested by observations and research, using factual data. I’m currently studying the following theories: Intuitionism, Egoism, Utilitarianism, Divine Command Theory, Virtue Ethics, Cultural Relativism, Moral Nihilism, Ethics of Caring, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory. I’ve read each one of them and have noticed their flaws. I was impressed with utilitarianism, which shows the most logically believed theory. I have no doubt utilitarianism is the best moral theory. I chose to defend utilitarianism because it has a major influence on the types of assessment methods. As a health care giver, I believe utilitarianism will be useful in deontological concerns and to evaluate alternative solutions in the health care system. Giving a n overall explanation of utilitarianism, defining and contracting act utilitarian and rule utilitarian, and listing some reasons will prove that utilitarianism is the best theory yet. Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory. It concerns how to evaluate a large range of things that involve choices communities or groups face. These choices include policies, laws, human’s rights, moral codes,Show MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pagestaking the path that best benefits us. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followedRead MoreExamples Of Utilitarianism1498 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism Utilitarianism unlike other theories reviews the consequences of an action and according to Mill and Bentham, should view happiness as being based upon pleasure that are more long lasting and cerebral. I believe that utilitarianism is the most acceptable theory because it requires that we take into account the consequences of an action to promote the maximum amount of happiness and unlike deontology which does not take into account consequences nor does it take in account childrenRead MoreUtilitarian Arguments1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthe good of the many. Utilitarian moral theories evaluate the moral worth of action on the basis of happiness that is produced by an action. Whatever produces the most happiness in the most people is the moral course of action. I will give the best arguments against Utilitarianism, and show in my own opinion, why I think they are wrong. The strongest counterargument against Utilitarianism would have to be Sterling Harwood’s eleven objections to the theory. Sterling Harwood states that evenRead MoreEthical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives Of Human Actions871 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ according to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationalityRead MoreThe Basic Moral Standard Is Human Welfare975 Words   |  4 PagesThe basic moral standard is human welfare. Specifically, my welfare and the welfare of others. Each classical moral theory has propose human welfare. Some theories completely focus on motives while others completely focus on rules or acts. However, each classical ethical theory alone cannot provide a plausible guideline for impartial human welfare without controversy. Multiple-strategies utilitarianism theory is the most suitable because it provides various strategies for general welfare. The multiple-strategiesRead MoreIn Intro to Ethics, we have discussed each moral theory in the context of how the theories dealt1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed each moral theory in the context of how the theories dealt with the theory of right conduct and with the deontic status the action had. When we looked at how each theory we talked about dealt with deontic status, we looked at how the actions were right or wrong. The main theories we looked at this semester that dealt with right conduct were utilitarianism, Kant’s moral theory, and virtue ethics. Although each of these moral theories has its own flaws, I believe that Kant’s moral theory is theRead More Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Kantianism Ethics can be defined as the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethicsRead MoreUtilitarianism versus Deontologism1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Utilitarianism is normative ethical theory from a school of thought that believes we must guide our actions always by the consequences that can from follow them. Utilitarian’s believe we ought to implement the actions that bring the most overall happiness. Deontologists believe in an ethical theory that is guided by maxims, which means the action you choose must be applied to all scenarios, for example even if lying is the best option in one particular situation, in most regular situationsRead MoreMoral Theory Of Max Act Utilitarianism1576 Words   |  7 PagesMax Act Utilitarianism Kirill Parshin University of San Francisco  Ethics is all about principles of right conduct. Under the umbrella term, consequentialism has a much more specific moral theory known as max act utilitarianism. Max act utilitarianism is one of the most well known and influential theories that provides the best notion for the theory of right conduct. After a brief explanation of act utilitarianism, the argument of this paper will then seek to favor why act utilitarianism providesRead MoreEssay on Utilitarianism1264 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism There are many essays, papers and books written on the concept of right and wrong. Philosophers have theorized about moral actions for eons, one such philosopher is John Stuart Mill. In his book Utilitarianism he tries to improve on the theories of utilitarianism from previous philosophers, as he is a strong believer himself in the theory. In Mills book he presents the ideology that there is another branch on the utilitarian tree. This branch being called rule-utilitarianism

How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2401 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Pop Culture Essay Did you like this example? Looking around us today, major stereotypes are continuously prevalent in society. Stereotypes are peoples fixed ideas or beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group. Thanks to American popular culture, stereotypes are more widespread than ever. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos" essay for you Create order Popular culture has a strong role in Americas communities and even peoples lifestyles alone. Specifically, one of the many ethnic groups that have fallen victim to popular culture stereotypes would be Latinos. Popular culture has had an everlasting effect on how Americans perceive Latinos, and even how Latinos perceive themselves. The overall general public places Latinos into stereotypes and paradigms because of what popular culture presents them with, in avenues such as film and television. It is clear to see that popular culture defines what is common or normal in American society. The bias and stereotypes of Latinos is ubiquitous throughout American popular culture, and it has effected how people perceive them to be. Within the different avenues of American popular culture, Latino stereotypes are commonly seen in films and television. The stereotypes have not only affected how people view them, but it has also created different types of Latinos that are deemed to exist. The different stereotypes of Latinos in film and television range from the overly sexual character, drug trafficker, to the illegal immigrant. These are examples of the negative stereotypes that compose the image of Latinos in society. Unfortunately, the negative stereotypes are what Americans believe to be true about all Latinos. The negative stereotype of Latinos is the belief of what most of America has characterized Latinos to be, because of the negative depictions shown throughout the many channels of popular culture. The stereotypical paradigms have even affected family social interactions within many Latino households. They have also affected how Latinos handle the negative stereotypes. A study conducted by Rivadeneyra in the Journal of Adolescent Research asked Latino youth to watch clips from television shows, and to report if they felt the roles of Latinos were accurate or stereotypical. The study found that, if one does not fit this description, then the only alternative that many young Latinos see is to accept the stereotypes perpetuated by white Americans (Rivas Saenz, 5). The frequent exposure of the negative stereotype portrayals affects Latino youth in such a way that can lower their sense of racial self-esteem. It also affects their sense of individuality within their culture, because p opular culture groups all Latinos into one group. Moreover, popular culture doesnt take into consideration how many different cultures exist thought the Latino community. People neglect to remember how many different cultural groups are out there, from Puerto Ricans to Colombians. Non-Hispanics tend to assign one culture to any Latino they see, like saying they are Mexican, even though the non-Hispanics know they are not the only cultural group belonging to the Latino community. When Latinos constantly experience this stereotype, they eventually give up on correcting those who do this to them. This forces them to revert to accepting what people see them as and not who they are. Time after time, movies have negatively characterized Latinos. Hollywood movies are a big part of popular culture. Fictional characters are mainly presented as uneducated, living lives filled with violence, and this portrays the belief that this is the only way to achieve the Latin American Dream. The Latin American Dream refers to the idea of Latinos reaching a higher socioeconomic status through alternative pathways (Rivas Saenz, 6). A prime example of this cultural appropriation would be the movie Scarface, in which it depicts the roles of Cuban-Americans who are drug dealers. Movies such as this, show the viewers that for the Latino community to gain success they must bypass laws or human morals to do so. As stated before, the negative portrayals in media causes the Latino youth to see themselves in that negative light. Furthermore, they dont perceive themselves as having worth and value, instead as constituents of a subordinate group within American society (Rivas Saenz , 7). They begin to believe the negative depictions to be true. The constant subjectivity of these negative views seems to be a justification for the youth to separate themselves from their culture. Not only is the misrepresentation seen in movies, but it is also seen in television shows. It has been one of the front-runners in the subordination of Latinos. The popularity of television plays a major role in the depictions of Latinos. Television show creators have forced negative traits on Latino characters. Those of which include, being uneducated, unmotivated, poverty-stricken, lazy, criminals, and as people who appear only to work jobs such as maids, janitors, or gardeners (Rivas Saenz, 8). Among many other minorities, Latinos have stereotypes that have maintained their position throughout television. An example of a television show that showcases Latino stereotypes would be The George Lopez Show, where there is a distinct portrayal that upholds the standards of the Latino bias. The overpowering atmosphere of American popular culture has played a major role in the way Latino Americans are portrayed than they have been before. In the article, Latino Portrayals in the Media, it discusses the representation of Latinos seen in primetime media. Even though there has been greater representation of Latinos in the media, there is still a negative effect on the Latino community. For a long time, Latinos have not only been portrayed negatively through stereotypes but hey have also been largely ignored and excluded from most American Media (Latino Portrayals in the Media). A study conducted by the Annenberg School of Cultural Communicators Project, found that between 1969 to 1978 only 2.5% of mainstream television characters were Latinos. This percentage is not far off from what it reflects today and compared to other minorities, they are still notably behind. Another study by The Center for Media and Public Affairs in Washington D.C. has shown that Latinos have b een in the 2% range for the past thirty years (Latino Portrayals in the Media). When Latinos are in the different forms of media, a certain type of Latino is represented. For example, someone with darker features, tanner skin, and an accent. This overlooks the diversity in the Latino community that is included under the umbrella term Hispanic. There is a lack of range represented of the community in the media. A major issue that has been created by stereotypes is the lack of diversity. Popular culture has presented one cohesive community that ultimately suppresses the different cultures within the actual Latino community. Even though Latinos are considered a minority community, in reality not all Latinos are fond of each other or share similar values. Due to this, its difficult for this community to unite to fight the created labels and false cultural propaganda that work against them (Latino Portrayals in the Media). Although this has been a road block for many Latinos, others have seen this as a way to affirm their own history and position in the U.S. This is very important to them, because they want to make it clear that not all Latinos are immigrants. Many are second, third generation and beyond other Americans who are wholly assimilated and have rights and rightly insist on asserting their rights (Latino Portra yals in the Media). In other words, they believe it is unfair to immediately group them in to the immigrant stereotype, and that they also have rights as much as any other American does. Another rising issue created by stereotyping has affected Latinos sexuality by being labeled as being seductive or having many children because of being impoverished. This is just one of many stereotypes popular culture has created. The stereotypes have remained defining and demeaning characteristics for more than a century and still exist today. The author Charles Ram? ­rez Berg of Latino Images In Film finds that Latino images in the media contains six basic stereotypes: el bandido, the harlot, the male buffoon, the female clown, the Latin lover, and the dark lady. El bandido is stereotypically the Mexican bandit in numerous Westerns and adventure films. An example of this would be at the beginning of Raiders of the Lost Ark, where the bandidos are the two guides that betrayed Indiana Jones. These characters are displayed as dirty and under kept, irrational and quick to resort to violence. Theyre inability to speak English or speaking English with a heavy accent is filmmakings way of showing their feeble intellect (Berg, 68). Hollywood characterizes them as having little brain power. In todays Hollywood films, el bandido is seen in two variants: the Latin American gangster or drug runner and the inner -city gang member. The female version to el bandido is the harlot, who is primarily characterized as lusty, hot-tempered, and doesnt know what to do without a man. For example, the character of Angelica in Six Days, Seven Nights, as soon as the pilot (Harrison Ford) leaves she is lost without him. Her character is a prime example of a stereotype blend between the harlot and the female buffoon. To continue, one of the other stereotypes is the male buffoon. These characters can be found in television shows like Pancho in The Cisco Kid, Sergeant Garcia in Walt Disneys Zorro series, and Ricky Ricardo in I Love Lucy. This stereotype is said to be simpleminded, unable to master English. What is funny about this character, what audiences are given to laugh at, are the very characteristics that separate him from Hollywoods vision of the WASP American mainstream (Berg, 72). This is Hollywoods attempt of making an old stereotype relevant again by turning the character into a comic. The female clown is the equivalent of the Latino male buffoon and exemplifies a common devices that the Hollywood narrative employs to neutralize the screen Latinas sexuality (Berg, 73). Charles Ram? ­rez Berg argues that this is a necessary role because the hero must have a reason to reject the Latina for the Anglo woman, to which maintains the WASP status quo. Films show how Hollywood narrative s often imply that Anglos should only be with those of their ethnicity. Another stereotype found in films and television is the Latin lover. This character is deemed to have the qualities of a sexuality that makes them capable of making a sensuous but dangerous brand of love (Berg, 76). The Latin lover has continuously been seen played by a number of Latin actors like Antonio Banderas in films like Never Talk to Strangers. Like how Latina women have been subjected to the sexpot stereotype Latino men have often been sexualized in the media as the Latin lover. The last stereotype the author mentioned was the dark lady. This stereotype is said to be the female Latin lover, where she is virginal, inscrutable, and aristocratic. According the author, there is a way to check for stereotypes called the stereotype communication test. This is practiced by substituting the role being analyzed with another ethnicity, and if the role can be played well enough then theres most likely no stereotyping occurring. On the other hand, if no other ethnicity can play the role just as well then it probably involves stereotypical traits of the cultural group. There have been films made that went against stereotypes, whose characters are portrayed appropriately even though filmmaking relies on stereotypes. Furthermore, there has been a growing number of Latino filmmaker who continue to break through the stereotyping paradigm of filmmaking. Alongside film and television reflecting a negative portrayal of Latinos, the medias pervasive stereotypes of Latinos also prevail. In the manuscript The Negative Effects of Mass Media Stereotypes of Latinos and Immigrants, the authors Tyler Reny and Sylvia Manzano express how public opinion reflects the medias stereotypes of Latinos and immigrants. They believe that these stereotypes make it hard to believe that America is supposed to be an inclusive, multiracial democracy or so called the melting pot. We find convincing evidence that non-Latinos attribute both negative and positive stereotypes to Latinos and immigrants, and that news and entertainment media can shape public opinion about Latinos and immigrants in a variety of ways (Reny Manzano, 195). It is very common to see media coverage of Latino immigrants that is in a negative light, full of stereotypes, and highly dramatized. Withering public support, loud opposition, and negative stereotypes firmly contribute to popul ar discourse. Coverage of Latinos and immigrants focuses almost mainly on the negative events like undocumented immigrants and lacks important content. The authors believe that since Americans are usually not fully knowledgeable about issues concerning Latinos or immigrants, they formulate their opinions based on what popular culture presents them with. Given that Americans are poorly informed about issues of immigration, media can play a large role in constructing the metaphors by which Americans come to understand demographic change, immigration, and Latinos (Reny Manzano, 197). The study conducted by the authors involved asking respondents to think about films and television show and to recall the roles they often seen played by Latinos. The top three answers were criminal or gang member, gardener, and maid. The more familiar the respondents were with Latinos, the less likely they were to believe the stereotypes in the media. Looking first at media and positive stereotypes, respondents wh o were exposed to positive primes were more likely to agree that positive stereotypes applied to Latinos than those who were exposed to negative primes (Reny Manzano, 206). News channels has one of the strongest effects in shaping attitudes about Latinos and immigrants. For instance, people who watch and trust more conservative media are more likely to agree with negative stereotypes than those who watch and trust liberal media. People will usually cater to outlets that uphold their beliefs to look for information that supports them. Thus, this is why the media has such a strong hold on priming the way people perceive others in society. The negative depictions shown throughout the different outlets of popular culture has led America to believe these stereotypes of Latinos. Popular culture grasps stereotypes by the neck and forces society to believe them to be true. Latinos are just one of the many minorities that have been affected by stereotypes. Latinos are not the only victims of stereotyping; these groups are not to be forgotten: LGBTQ, Native Americans, African Americans, Asians and Asian Americans, the working class, the poor, immigrants, women, and so on. Human thinking is heavily reliant on the images popular culture presents. These images and metaphors are the mental building blocks with which humans make sense of their social world.

Plagiarism Should NOT be Tolerated Essay - 1361 Words

Plagiarism Should NOT be Tolerated The internet has made plagiarism a big issue in education today. Finding a term paper on the internet is just as easy as finding the weather for your area on the internet. Being able to produce papers without doing any work has students looking for the easy way out. With so many sources to find papers its hard to not look up a paper, print it out, put your name on it, and call it your own. But along with all the web sights that you can get term papers, there are just as many that explain the ramifications of plagiarism. Anyone with any sense would see these consequences and warnings and think twice about plagiarizing. Our society today is very lazy. Is it that hard to type out a 5-10 page term†¦show more content†¦These kind of web sights are very helpful to students who aren’t quite sure what plagiarism is and what the limits are. Personally, I know that I wasn’t sure what the limits were. Here is what I found on the web sight that I gave above. When visiting this web sight this box is very big, you can not miss it and its there so people have an understanding of what plagiarism is. Copyright WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS Used by UConn Libraries Document Deliver / Interlibrary Loan The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the Law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use, that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the Copyright Law. Further down on the web page it gives you the fair uses of copyrighted things. Below is what it states: Fair UseShow MoreRelatedSystems, Society and Sustainability Essay3714 Words   |  15 Pagescourse outlines the challenges of sustainability, introduces some theories which can help think through these challenges more clearly, and applies them to the case of urban water systems. 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this course you should be able to: 1. Understand the concept of sustainable development as a response to global crises of ecology and human development 2. Describe the role of engineering systems in achieving sustainable development 3. Outline key features of socio-technicalRead MoreTechnologys Impact On Learning Bibliography2071 Words   |  8 Pageslife. General survey text of ethical thought from the Ancient World, but taking the basic concepts of issues like reltivism and utilitarianism and moving them into constructs that make sense within the modern world: issues of cheating, euthanasia, plagiarism, political ethics, morality, etc. are brought more into a contemporary viewpoint. Suitable as a survey text for philosophy and ethics as well as a general reference for the lay reader. Center for School Mental Health Analysis and Action. (2006Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student supportRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesbeginning of the suras, why more than five of these letters never occur together, and, finally, why the first letter of this kind to appear in the Koran is alif and the last nà »n. Certain admonitions, from the Gospel and from Hadà ®t, enjoining that secrets should be imparted only to those worthy to receive them, but to such persons freely, are then quoted (pp. 179-181). Then follows the enumeration of all the suras, including the number of their verses and the statement of the planet to which each first andRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestogether the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is no t the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbookRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesJohnson Gerry, Whittington Richard, Scholes Kevan - Exploring Strategy Instructors Manual on the Web... We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Tables Table 14.1 adapted from ‘Why change programs don t produce change’, Harvard Business Review, November to December (Beer et al; 1990) In some instances we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material, and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so. 6  © Pearson EducationRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . 311 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Behavior Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Goal-Setting Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 How Should Managers Motivate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 14—Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 What Is Leadership? . .

Evolutionism free essay sample

Essay Critically discuss the Nineteenth Century theory of Evolutionism in relation to the social development of cultures. special development of cultures. Anthropology originated in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Missionaries, traders and travellers in Africa, North America, the pacific and elsewhere provided the first great anthropological works. Anthropology is the holistic study of the biological, social and cultural aspects of mankind, paying particular attention to the relationships between our physical and cultural natures and between culture and the nvironment. Anthropology is basically the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors. Early thinkers such as Hume, Smith and Montesquieu wrote about primitive institutions which they argued about amongst themselves. Their conclusions were not based on any scientific that could be tested but from principles found in their own culture. They laid the foundations for modern social anthropology believing that universal laws found in nature could be applied to human society. The thinkers were concerned with social evolution and progress. The term evolution was opularized during the 19th century by Herbert Spencer to mean cultural evolution. Evolutionists were those who believed that the cultures and life forms being studied are evolving toa particular form. Evolutionism is the idea that this universe is the result of random cosmic accidents, life arose spontaneously through chemical processes and all life forms are related and share a common ancestor. Evolution is a process of formation, growth and development from generation to generation. Socio- cultural evolutionism describes how cultures and societies have changed over time. In the nineteenth century Edward B. Tylor maintained that culture evolved from simple to complex and all societies passed through three basic stages of development which was originally suggested by Montesquieu. The three stages are called the lines of human progress which states that man evolved from savagery to barbarism and finally to civilization. Man became civilized after discovering pottery. To account for cultural variation different societies were at different stages of evolution. Simpler people of the day had not yet reached higher stages. Some ocieties were more evolve than others. Evolutionists believed Western Europe had evolved from a backward society to a more advanced society. Simpler contemporary societies were thought to resemble ancient societies. More advanced societies exhibited traces of earlier customs that survived in present day cultures, this was known as survival. Pottery is an example of survival, earlier people made their cooking pots out of clay, today pots are most often made with metal because they are most durable but dishes are preferred to be made out of clay. Tylor correlates the hree levels of social evolution to types of religion: savages practicing animatism, barbarians practicing polytheism, and civilized man practicing monotheism. Tylor includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, Tylor believed that because of the basic similarities common to all peoples, different societies often find the same solutions to the same problems independently. Tylor also noted that different cultural traits may spread from one society to another by a simple means of diffusion hich means the borrowing by one culture of a trait belonging to another as the result of contact between the two societies. Lewis H. Morgan was one of the most influential evolutionary theorists of the nineteenth century. In his book Ancient Society, he divided the lines of human progress into the three stages and further divided savagery and barbarism into upper, middle and lower segments. Each stage was distinguished by technological development and connected in patterns of subsistence, marriage, family, and political organization. Middle savagery was arked by the acquisition of a fish diet and the discovery of fire, upper savagery by the bow and arrow, lower barbarism by pottery, middle barbarism by animal domestication and irrigated agriculture, upper barbarism by the manufacture of iron, and civilization by the alphabet. Morgan believed family units became smaller and self contained as society became more developed. Johann J. Bachofen developed a theory of evolution of kinship systems which was agreed upon by Morgan. Morgan believed in the theory of primitive promiscuity, which means that human society had o sexual prohibitions and no real family structure. Primitive promiscuity can be divided into matriliny where descent was traced through the female only, patrilinV where descent was traces through the male only and polyandry were several husbands shred one wife. Morgan believed that family units became progressively smaller and more self-contained as human society developed. However, his postulated sequence for the evolution of the family is not supported by the enormous amount of ethnographic data that has been collected since his time. For xample, no recent society that Morgan would call savage indulges in group marriage or allows brother-sister mating. Modern social anthropologists regard these reconstructions as over amplifications of events that can never be known in detail. The efforts of early writers were only historical enquiries. At this stage it became clear that there was no evidence which could detail the earliest stages of society and few societies developed in total isolation of other human cultures or outside influence. The evolutionists became unpopular by the nd of the nineteenth century. The school of Diffusionists became popular, they brelieved tahat cultural change and progress were mainly due to borrowing because items of culture were mainly transmitted from one society to another. Despite the errors of the nineteenth century scholars, modern social anthropology owes much to their efforts because of their interest in the social institutions of different societies and the methods used to draw conclusions. The current anthropological view concentrates mainly on the institutionalized aspects (kinship, marriage and religion) of culture taking into ccount systems of belief, values and ideas. Modern anthropology relys mainly on fieldwork which is the gathering of data which organizes, describes, analyzea and interprets to build and present that account which may be in the form of a book, article or film. The latest investigations regarding early humans is that mankind civilization through the slow gain of knowledge. Reference: * Introduction to anthropology 101 (course book 2010) * Culture vs civilization http://www. edward]ayne. com/culture/fallacy. html http://www. as. ua. edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/436/evol. htm * Wikipedia